East of Eden by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

East of Eden by John Steinbeck EssayThe prosecution volition begin by establishing the char rounder of the defendant, and further prove that the criminal acts commit by Ms. Catherine Ames were not random, but rather a part of a cynical mindset that purposely caused harm. Catherine Ames was without a doubt, a stunning work of beauty with the actor to make all heads turn everywhere she went. She have lovely gold hair, big hazelnut eyes, pointy small chin along with a delicate nose, and high cheekbones giving her a heart shaped face. She was an adorable child that became an irresistible woman with the power to make all man fall head over heels. With a timid smile and a soft spoken voice, this appears to be the perfect woman.However, allow us not be fooled by her angelic appearance. Catherine Ames is a cruel, manipulative, sadistic being who knows how to get anything she wants through the lust from men. She was able to use her beauty to her value even as a young child. The ver y first incident was when Ms. Catherine Ames used her wittiness and manipulative s bolt downs to inflict moral and physical pain to 2 boys. The boys received immense punishments for actions that she herself encouraged, but declared herself a victim to preserve her reputation.Cathy used her sheer beauty and manipulation to seduce her Latin teacher mob Grew. When she had James Grews heart in the palm of her hand, she denied him any affection or love, making him commit suicide. Cathy took an educated kind man and turned him into rubble unspoilt because she could.As Cathy grew she became more destructive and morally impotent. It became quite clear that Cathy had no respect for authority when she ran away from home and went to Boston. She was pushed to the edge after being caught trying to run away from home and was beat and punished. Driven by agitation she stole all her fathers money out of his safe. She cleaned the cellar and stuffed papers all slightly the edges of the foundati on to block the draft. She oiled the hinges, the lock of the kitchen door and the hinges of the front door.She continued to prepare, on the night of the crime, she put on an old apron to protect her vesture and found a jelly jar and carried it to the carriage house. She then found a chicken, cut its head off, and filled the jar halfway with the blood. She then bury the evidence of the chicken.She then took off the apron in the kitchen and put it on the stove. She poked the coals until the apron caught on fire. Again before leaving she hid the evidence of the jelly jar. She unmercifully locked her parents in their house and set it on fire. Her parents sad death did not make Cathy shed a tear as she was projecting into a unused exciting career prostitution.When she meets Mr. Edwards she is keen to provoke him to become sexually attracted to her. After he puts her up in his own house, keeping her from his wife and providing for her, she begins to steal from him. She to a fault lock s him out of his own house and takes run into of his property. When he realizes something horrible about Cathy, he attempts to get her drunk one night. While drunk she stabs him with a overturned wine glass. Driven by her intoxication, she stabs him in the cheek and sends him running away from his own house. Her impulsive and evil nature was evident through her actions that night.After a bad run in with the whoremaster Mr. Edwards, Cathy successfully manipulated Adam Trask to fall in love with her. After Adam had provided Cathy with unconditional love and support during her clean time, she repaid him by sleeping with his brother Charles behind Adams back. After they moved to California to start off new Cathy and Adam had their twins she coldheartedly did not want to look at them claiming No. I dont want them After she recovered from giving birth, she abandoned Adam and the twins.After abandoning her husband and children Cathy became a working girl in a whorehouse. Now under the a lias Kate, Cathy manipulated Faye the owner of the whorehouse into signing a will giving everything to Cathie upon Fayes death. After, slowly and painfully killing Faye, Cathie assumed control of the whorehouse. When it was thought that Cathy could not go any lower, when her son Caleb discovered the truth about her and wanted to be a changed man, she told him he cant and he will become exactly like her as he grows up, sinful and damned.Its quite clear that Cathy is not a noble human being with good intentions. Her aliveness has been filled with nothing else but hatred for others and schemes to get as much money as possible. Evidence presented here after show thecriminal acts that Cathy has committed throughout her life, crimes that she admitted to performing without remorse.Cathy had committed crimes against law of the nation and crimes against worship as well. Even though she is no where near of being religiously moderate, she still followed the religion of Christianity for her m arriage to Adam Trask. Cathy did commit some major felonies toward God such as committing adultery. First, adultery means having sexual relations between an individual who is marital and someone who is not the individuals spouse. In Christianity, adultery is considered a major sin which shows betrayal and lack of trust by that individual in the marriage. In the expiry two lines of Chapter 11, it states Suddenly Charles laughed. The Poor bastard, he said, and he threw back the blanket to receive her. Cathy did not care if she slept with Charles. Better yet, she does not embrace her marriage by sleeping with Charles. She is an embodiment of pure evil driven by self-hatred, desperation, and a love of pain, and Cathy destroys lives without any sense of remorse. She wanted something to satisfy her cruel nature and did so behind Adams back.In the bible, Cathy is directly compared to Eve when Eve eats a forbidden fruit and introducing sin into the world. Cathy did the same by committing a forbidden act of trust and friendship. This proves to show the hypocrisy that exists in Cathy with no moral influence or structure.Cathy, without mentioning anything to her husband Adam, move to abort her two children with a knitting prick while Adam was out obtaining information on his plot of land. If that isnt terrible enough, Cathy gives the reason that she has a family history of epilepsy and did not want to pass it on to her children which is a blatant lie. This attempt at abortion was a complete secret from Adam until she was found unconscious due to a great lose of blood. Cathy tried to take out her unborn children while Adam was away and didnt even tell him that she was pregnant in the first place. This was a disgusting act of attempted murder upon two completely helpless and vulnerable unborn children in which Cathy should be punished for.After Cathy attempted to murder her unborn children Cathy moved onto bigger and more horrific things. She attempted to murder Adam, her husband. A week after the birth of newborn twins, Cathy decides that she is going to abandon them and leave Adam alone. Before leaving, Cathy pulled out a handgun and view Adam. Luckily she had bad aim and only hit him in the shoulder but we all know that she was aiming to kill him. After Cathy shot Adam, she ran out of the house and out of Adams life forever. This is the second time Cathy attempts to murder someone in her life. First it was her unborn children, and now her husband. Cathy is nothing but a murderer and cares for nothing but to inflict pain upon others.Another sin in which Cathy tries to commit is suicide. Suicide is not illegal by law in the nation except for some states, but this act of killing oneself is considered a sin and a crime against god. One of the commandments states that specifically Thou shall not kill which can pertain to a persons life or their own life. In page 554, Cathy takes her own life by using a cyanide pill. This by far is much is strongly against the teachings of God and it goes against one of his commandments. God said there will be consequences for whoever commits suicide and that would be punishment in hell. Cathy whitethorn have her reasons to commit suicide, such as arthritic pain, low self esteem, and a painful life. However, this is the life she chose to follow as being sick and maliciously evil towards others which caused the downfall for her life.

Steve Jobs Biography Essay Example for Free

Steve Jobs Biography EssaySteve Jobs success story began in 1976 when he and a friend built the branch personal reckoner. He founded apple in April 1, 1976 he was the Chairman and CEO of orchard apple tree Computers Inc. until he walked out overdue to a power struggle. He did not let this obstacle check-out procedure him. He went and started other lineagees and developments. In 1984, he highly-developed the mackintosh, which was the first small computer with a graphic user interface. In 1985, he started NeXT, a twelvemonth later he bought Pixar Animated Studios. At Pixar he held the position as the CEO.Jobs contracted with Disney producing a number of popular animated films. Among these films were Cars, The Incredibles, act Story, and A crucifys Life. He was certainly one of the worlds most successful businessmen. Twelve years after leaving Apple, Jobs returned as Apples interim CEO. Jobs changed the port the world thinks and feels about technology. Steve Jobs is also cognize for his unconventional leadership. He was a high-maintenance worker. He expected excellence from both himself and the employees.He was known for his direct criticism when he felt was necessary. There is no doubt that Jobs was an exceptional leader. Introduction Over the past forty years, the computer industry has interpreted great leaps to where it is today. One of the most influential people during this time was Steve Jobs. He is considered a leading figure in both the computer and entertainment industries. Jobs is listed as Fortune Magazines most powerful businessman of 2007. His life had many struggles, but he always found a way to stag his ideas succeed. ChildhoodSteven Paul Jobs was an orphan adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs of stilt View, California in February, 1955. Jobs was not happy at school in Mountain View so the family moved to Los Altos, California, where Steve attended Homestead High School. His electronics teacher at Homestead High, John McCollum, recalled h e was something of a loner and always had a different way of looking at things (Isaacson 23). later on school, Jobs would attend lectures at the Hewlett-Packard electronics firm in Palo Alto, California, where he was hired as a summer employee.another(prenominal) employee at HP was Stephen Wozniak, a recent dropout from the University of California at Berkeley. An engineering whiz with a passion for inventing electronic gadgets, Wozniak at that time was perfecting his unsanctified box. The blue box was an illegal, pocketsize telephone attachment that would allow the user to make free long-distance calls. Jobs helped Wozniak sell a number of the devices to customers. This was the defining moment of their relationship, Wozniak as the brains, Jobs as the business (Isaacson 28).Instead of attending either Berkeley or Stanford, Jobs decided on the very liberal beating-reed instrument University in Oregon. This is where he was introduced to philosophies, ideas that would shape how he w ould overcompensate the business world, and LSD. At this time, school was not important and he withdrew after the first semester of college. When he returned home, he was thin and disheveled. He embraced a new mark of traveling to India in pursuit of enlightenment (Isaacson 49). He was a very big advocate of Zen Buddhism.Going to work for Atari after leaving Reed College, Jobs renewed his friendship with Steve Wozniak. Jobs and Wozniak put together their first computer, called the Apple I, in Jobs family garage. They marketed it in 1976 at a price of $666. The Apple I was the first single-board computer with built-in video interface and on-board ROM, which told the machine how to load other programs from an external source. They managed to make their first killing when the Byte Shop in Mountain View bought their first fifty fully assembled computers (Isaacson 68).On this basis the Apple Inc. was founded, the name based on Jobs favorite fruit and the logo. The following year, Jobs and Wozniak developed the general purpose Apple II. The design of the Apple II did not depart from Apple Is simplistic and compactness design. The Apple II had built-in circuitry allowing it to interface directly to a subterfuge video monitor. Shortly after the release of the Apple II, Apple Inc. went public making the company worth $1. 2 billion (Butcher 94).Jobs was smart in that he positioned himself for success. He knew how to be at the function place at the right time. The downside to this was he always wanted more. He had a hard time position his vision down in a practical manner. He saw a computer with an elegant exterior but the problem with his vision was that the way he had to have it would make production nearly impossible. These unreal expectations were called his reality distortion field (Isaacson 124).Jobs became fixated with a new idea for a personal computer, called the Macintosh. To help him market these new computers Jobs recruited John Sculley from Pepsi Cola f or a position as president at Apple. Jobs was so focused that if you did not work in the Macintosh division, he treated you like an entirely separate person. The Macintosh division received higher salaries, invitations to company sponsored parties, and front row seats to company meetings (Butcher 136-148). musical composition Mr. Jobs stated positions on management techniques are all quite noble and worthy, in practice he is a dreadful omnibus. It is an unfortunate case of mouthing the right ideas but not believing in or executing them when it comes time to do somethingJobs regularly misses appointments. He does not give credit where due. Jobs also has favorites, who cannister do no wrongand others who can do no right. He interrupts and doesnt listen. He doesnt keep promises. He is a prime example of a manager who takes the credit for his optimistic schedules and accordingly blames the workers when deadlines are not met (Butcher 161).NeXT and Pixar Jobs treated Sculley as if he w ere his best friend, but he actually despised him beingness at Apple. After a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT. His vision with NeXT was to create a computer for the higher-education and business market (Isaacson 211). In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar. During his time serving as the CEO of Pixar, movies such as Toy Story (1995) and A Bugs Life (1998) were credited to Jobs as an executive producer.He served as CEO and majority shareholder until Disney purchased Pixar in 2006. Reinstated After the computer industry at NeXT began to fail, Jobs decided to focus on creating software. While this was happening, Gil Amelio had replaced John Sculley at Apple. Apples business was suffering due to there being no creative genius striving to invent something new. Amelio noticed that Jobs had created an operating system called NeXTSTEP and decided that it would be in Apples best inter ests to purchase NeXT, bringing Jobs back into the company that he created.NeXTSTEP platform later became the foundation for Mac OS X (Isaacson 305). Jobs returned to Apple as an advisor, and then took control of the company as interim CEO. During this time, he brought Apple from near give outcy to profitable by 1998. As the new CEO, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad. Jobs also developed the Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store, and the App Store. Apple became the worlds most valuable publicly traded company in 2011 (Isaacson 348-511).Without Jobs intervention in 1996, Apple would have went bankrupt and had to close. The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history (Isaacson 560). In RemembranceIn 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Jobs was against spill to the doctor for most of his life, so he was reluctant to get his stomach pains checked out. Since he waited so long, the tumor was almost untreatable. In 2009 he received a pancreas transplant, but the cancer had already spread to different parts of his body. Jobs resigned from Apple in August of 2011 and was elected Chairman of the Board. As his health continuously declined, he died on October 5, 2011.Conclusion Jobs major strength lies in his curiosity and innovation within the market. To say that Steve Jobs is something of an enigma is an understatement his style of management and his talent to accurately predict trends made him more than just a valuable industry leader, it almost guaranteed that those who paid attention reaped the profits of his predictions. Apple has been ahead of the writhe time after time (Brayan 1). Jobs had the ability to see far beyond the limitations of time and space. He lived in his own little world where success was requisite and the steps to get there would not always be appropriate, but if it meant that those decisions would lead in th e direction he wanted, then those steps would not be questioned.

Van Genneps Stages of a Rite of Passage

train Genneps Stages of a Rite of Passage new wave Genneps stages and learning a rite of departure in birth to one or more ritesWittgenstein (1987, p.14, Chapter I. Introduction) set a large ch every(prenominal)enge for anthropology that has yet to be condensen up. After reading the Golden Bough, he argues that Fraser make a crucial mistake by trying to deduce what things mean. He accused Fraser of not understanding(a) that practices signify nothing and themselves, and that the extent of anthropology could be to delimit and work out the practical structure of such tasks. For the past fifty years or so, anthropology has largely ignored Wittgensteins remarks and has built an anthropology that privileges the observer. It privileges the observer because it is and the observer who can read into phenomenon their underlying socio-cultural meaning. It is precisely this sort of reifying reductionism that we find in Van Genneps (1909) theory of the rite of passage.Rites of passage pr esent an irresistible and rough focus for the ethnographer they atomic number 18 constellations of compacted meanings removed from the butt against of everyday deportment. In the authors own experience, they atomic number 18 besides some of the most frustrating things to analyse. Presented with so many crotchety phenomenon, the ethnographer asks, what does this mask mean only for your informant to respond with a shrug. This difficulty of compacted meaning may partly beg off why ethnographers atomic number 18 so promptly to ignore the phenomenon involved in a rite of passage in favour of reading it as a structural process. This difficulty may to a fault explain why, fully one hundred years after it was published, Van Genneps Rites of Passage theory remains unchallenged in the anthropological world.That said, Van Genneps overall structures has remained remarkably adept at matching up to all the rituals people apply to it. However, in that location should not be taken as a m ark of its success. It one is to recall that the success of Evans-Pritchards structural-functionalism (Kuper 1988, pp. 190-210, Chapter 10 Descent hypothesis A Phoenix from the Ashes), was more based on the tastes and cultural paradigms of anthropologists than it was on its equaliser to any ethnographic reality. This essay will argue that Van Genneps stages of rites of passage do indeed cohere to many rituals, however, like turners ends (1995), these stages do minuscular to explain to us the significance of ritual. In articulate to do so, this essay will argue, it is necessary to turn to how the phenomenologically experienced reality of ritual constitutes the companionable reality of a ritual. To make this argument this essay will focus on three rites of passage French marriage ritual in Auvergne (Reed-Dahany 1996), Yaka healing rituals in congou tea (Devisch 1998, 1996) and refugee experience in Tanzania (Malikki 1995). The last example proves the most difficult for Van Gen neps theory because though it corresponds to his stages, nothing about the experience of refugees would correspond to the socially smashed categories Van Gennep claims ar central to rites of passage. From this example, this essay will argue to understand rites of passage we need to consider more fully the relationship of time-out-of-time in culture. For until we represent the question of what allows a certain unit of time to be taken out of the experience of the everyday, we will be no closer to understanding how rites of passage deal with other senses of time-out-of-time.Van Gennep (1909, Chapter I The Classification of Rites) attempts to demonstrate a there is a universal structure underlying all rites of passage. temporary hookup there might be physiological, factors involved (e.g. coming to puberty) the mechanisms that determined the rites of passage are always social, and these social constructions display a cross-cultural parity. Rituals and ceremonies in Van Genneps sche me serve the function of guaranteeing ones path through liminal transitory categories as one passes through the stages of separation, transition and reincorporation that he claims are present in all stages of rites of passage. What we can note about this modelling already is that the ritual serves the purpose of a unit of causation in a socially determinist model of society there is a societal need that ritual fulfils. Because of this functional model, we are none the wiser as to how a society determines the exact elements of a ritual, or how people experience the ritual.Van Genneps approach is based on a socially functional model though he is far more abandoned to admit the power of the individual in the social form sui generis than is Durkheim (Zumwalt 1982304). That said, he still claims (Van Gennep, 1909, p. 72, Chapter six-spot Initiation Rites) that in mutilation the mutilated individual is removed from the plurality of common humanity by a rite of separation which automat ically incorporates him into the defined group. His vehemence here is on the social end process as if it could somehow be uninvolved from the phenomenological experience of the pain. Thus, the process of scarification that marks many initiation rituals is merely dimensiond as part of the logic of social coherence following such a pattern, it is hard to explain the beating and terror that often accompanies initiation rituals. Indeed, it ignores the central challenge Merleau-Ponty (1962, p.115, Part I The Body, Chapter III The spatiality of Ones own Body and Motility) posed when he asked How can we understand someone else without sacrificing him to our logic or it to him?The domain of phenomenology is closely linked to that of ritual. Jackson (1996, p.3, Chapter I Introduction) characterises phenomenology as a project designed to understand being-in-the-world. This attempt to understand how inter-subjective experience is constituted is a possible answer to the question Merleau-Po nty poses above how does one understand the other. Characteristically, phenomenology attempts to answer this project by not privileging one domain of experience or knowledge, as none of them can encompass the totality of the lived experience. Instead, it is an investigation into (Ricoeur, 1979, p.127, Chapter IV The Structure of Experience) the structures of experience which proceed connected expression in language. This is what Merleau-Ponty would call the preobjective.This understanding of the importance of structures that escape linguistic formalisation has also been part of the emphasis of the study of ritual in anthropology. In Levi-Strauss (1965, pp.167-186, Chapter Nine The Sorcerer and His Magic) classic examination of north American healing sorcerers he emphasises how the experience of the healing takes place between the triad of patient, sorcerer, and social body. He also emphasises the importance in this relationship of the sensory experience of the sorcerer. However, des pite this emphasis, he is undertaking his analysis from a recorded text, and his emphasis is on the structural coherency sorcery countenances rather than its embodied experience. He writes (ibid 181) In a universe which it the social body strives to understand that whose dynamics it cannot fully control, normal thought continually seeks the meaning of things which refuse to reveal their significance. So-called pathological thought, on the other hand, overflows with unrestrained interpretations and overtones, in distinguish to supplement an otherwise deficient reality. The sensory experience of the ritual as unders likewised by Levi-Strauss is constituted as a means-end relationship to get to the in demand(p) goal, the assertion of the cosmological unity of the social body. Here we can see the same pattern of assumptions about sensible meaning we noted earlier in Van Gennep.This emphasis, a legacy of Durkheim, characteristically means that repetition, often the element of ritua l that constitutes its definition, is overlooked as window-dressing to the mythical meat of the ceremony which is that which can be vocalised (and thus objectified). This legacy can also be found in the two anthropologists whose writing about myth has defined the field, Van Gennep and Turner (1986, 1995). In Van Gennep, central to his notion of ritual as a rite of passage is a sacred-profane dualism, which is also kept in Turners scheme, though he also includes the notion of the marginal or liminal. In this distinction we can see that both theorists only deal with the relationship between the sacred and profane in terms of social structure and fail to deal with these elements interpenetrate in everyday lived reality.In a sense, their distinction is similar to that made by Mauss (1993, p. 12, Chapter I The Exchange of Gifts and the Obligation to Reciprocate) when understanding the gift. Mauss claims that the person for whom the sacrifice is performed enters the domain of the sacred a nd then rejoins the profane world, which is separate from the sacred, though conditioned by it. For Turners early work, and for Van Gennep, ritual is the heightened activity in which the sacred-profane worlds are mediated between. What is advantageous about these approaches is that they identify ritual as the situation or drama par excellence, as an organisation of practice constructed and defined by participants and it is a practice in which the participants confront the existential conditions of their existence.However, there are problems with Turner and Van Genneps approaches which agree that of Levi-Strauss. In both cases, the emphasis is on the formal unity of the social world. Kapferer (1997, pp.55-61, Chapter II Gods of Protection, Demons of Destruction Sorcery and Modernity. The Transmutation of Suniyama Difference and Repetition) illustrates some of these problems when analysing the Sri Lankan suniyama, or exorcisms. While he agrees with Turner that the suniyama constitute their own space-time, he also makes clear the extent to which they borrow from everyday life. Rather than seeing resolution and unity in the suniyama, he notes that the reactualisation of the ordinary world amid the virtuality of the rite is a moment of intense anxiety. In the events of the chedana vidiya, the tension, he argues, is not equitable about the destructive forces of the demon but also about the re-emergence of the victim in the established world. One can see in the suniyama that the lived world is not reducible to categories, despite the attempts at structuration. It is an splendid example of what Jackson (1989, p.5, Chapter I Paths Towards a Clearing) calls mans rage for order, and simultaneously usurpation of that order coupled with an awareness that the order is always exceeded by the lived world. Kapferer refuses to push Manichaean or triadic models onto the Sri Lankan suniyama, and argue for it being a continuous process orientated at the restitution of social action. One of the ways this uncertainty the rage for order and its ambiguity or infirmity is manifested is in sensory experience. It is here that the Durkheimean project is unable to provide a satisfactory analytical framework and where phenomenology can provide some edifying lines of inquiry.None of these lines of inquiry are pursued by Reed-Dahany (1996), who illustrates the extent to which Van Gennep can be utilized, and also the extent to which Van Genneps scheme founders in its constructionist model, in her analysis of marriage practice in Auvergne. She notes that (ibid 750) in the early morning after a wedding, a group of unmarried youths rupture into the room to which the bride and groom have retired for the night and present them with a chamber pot containing champagne and chocolate. The youth and the newly wed couple then ingest the chocolate and champagne together. The participants describe is as something which appears disgusting, and yet actually tastes really good. R eed-Dahany utilises Bourdieus work on taste to show how this reversal of the established bourgeois order simultaneously parodies marriage and bourgeois taste. Like the examples we see in Turners work, the sacred ritual of marriage here is associated with the inversion of established meanings only for these meanings to be ever more forcefully reinserted after the period of liminal disaggregation.We can see how such a ritual fits Van Genneps scheme very well the couple are segregated from society (both from each other before marriage, and then from society the honeymoon afterwards) before being reaggregated. Thus, Reed-Dahany has no problem in understanding the ritual of la rtie as a ritual of reincorporation in the sense Turner had meant it. Through the partaking of food with the unwed they are allowed to re-enter society, the wet-substance consumed standing in for fecundity. Indeed, as Reed-Dahany notes (ibid 752) Van Gennep himself had commented on these rituals in his work on folk customs in rural France and had pursued much the same conclusion. withal what Reed-Dahany notes is that the focus for the people involved in the ritual are the scatological reference implicit in the ritual these elements of parody of bourgeois society that take place at the level of sensible praxis are left unexplained by Van Genneps scheme, in which any set of symbols is replaceable with another(prenominal) as long as they have the same social purpose.This is why Van Gennep has great problems explaining rites of passage that are not formal. Yet, it is not the case that rites of passage and other temporal markers must be institutionalised. As Malikki (1995, p. 241, Chapter Six Cosmological Order of Nations) notes historical consciousness is lodged within precarious accidental processes that are rigid and implicated in the lived events and local processes of the everyday. In her work, Malikki looks at the creation of a mythico-history among Hutu refugees who fled the mass killing of 1972 in Burundi for Tanzania fifteen years ago. She contrasts two groups the first, life sentence in an urban environment, deploy their ethnicity and history only rarely, situationally and relationally, and attempt not to stick out. In contrast, at the refugee camp, the inhabitants were continually engaged in recreating their homeland. Malikki (ibid p.3, Introduction An ethnography of Displacement in the National order of Things) notes The camp refugees saw themselves as a nation in exile, and defined exile, in turn, as a good trajectory of trials and tribulations that would ultimately empower them to reclaim, or recreate anew, the homeland in Burundi.One of the noticeable elements in this construction of a mythico-history is the way in which it internalised outdoor categories, and then subverted them. For instance, Malikki draws attention to the way in the powerful discourse of inter-nationalism, refugees are in an ambiguous space, particularly polluting, between national bo undaries. Malikki uses the work of Van Gennep and Turner to understand how the Hutu refugees in the camp had turned this liminal space into a trial of separation, which would empower them to return. The narratives that people told Malikki were incredibly standardised, they functioned, as Malikki notes, as moral lessons, that represented (ibid p. 54, Chapter deuce The Mythico History) a subversive recasting and reinterpretation of events it in fundamentally moral ways. In Malikkis work, we can see that rites of passage can be lodged in accidental processes and point historical events. Even here, they seem to fit the categories of Van Genneps classification. However, one notes that nothing about these classifications explains the way these patterns were then sedimented into a rite of passage that structured and unionised practice.She notes that one of the key moments in this history is when the refugees arrive across the border in Tanzania, and are able to meet other refugees from B urundi (there appeared to be little widespread national connections before then ibid p.103, Chapter Two The Mythico History). Thus, collective effervescence of consciousness, which, as the narrative describes, allowed people to understand the final secret of the Tutsis, was not just experienced verbally. The supplanting of the social order with chaos (though an ordered chaos) was accompanied by very physical processes. The fear of pursuit, the visible feeling of cramp and hunger, the wad of corpses on the road all these were processes that the refugees took great pains to describe to Malikki. The refugees referred to this moment as one of revelation, and this memory, which must have in part formed the social bond that allowed for the creation of the mythico-history, was a silent history of bodily feeling and gesture as much as it was one verbalised.If we develop Malikkis understanding of the similarity between rites of passage and the refugee experience slightly, there is a parall el between the symbolic death and rebirth in the liminal stage of separation in a rite of passage, normally accompanied by ritual action that provides the unity of a shared painful experience, and the collective pain of that crossing into Tanzania in 1972. These phenomenological bodily experienced realities are not marginal to a group feeling of cohesion rather than social aspects of the rite of passage stem from these silent memories of bodily experience. We will now turn to an analysis of the rites of passage in the Yaka healing cults of Zaire. In contrast to the social world of the Yaka, which is patrilineal, femaleness, uterine filiation and mediatory roles are cyclical and occupy a concentric life-cycle (Devisch 1996, p.96, The Cosmology of Life Transmission). It is within this contrast that the healing rituals takes place. The healing rituals are not a collection or commiseration, rather, they are bodily and sensuous, they (ibid 95) aim at emancipating the initiates destiny cl earing and enhancing the lines of force in the wider weave of family. It is not just in the matrilineage that healing occurs however, for (Devisch 1998, p.127, Chapter Six Treating the affect by remodelling the body in a Yaka Healing Cult) it is in the interplay of physical links and individualising relationships a person weaves through his mothers lineage with the uterine sources of life and the primary and fusional object that the Yaka cultures in Kinshasa and south-west Congo localise the origin of serious illness, infirmity and madness.The ritual allows for the rebirth of the individual, and occurs at the margins (physical and cultural) of the society. This re-sourcing of the body is very fundamentally sensory. For instance, in the period of seclusion a young Mbwoolu become body doubles, and become an inscribed body envelope that serves as his interface with the social body. It is key to note there that the Yaka identity is structured as an envelope and knot. Harmful things lik e thievery of sorcery are associated with this knot being tied too tightly or loosely, inversion of normal bodily functions, such as flatulence or ejaculation outside of coitus can be soundless as the knot being tied too tightly or gently. The person in this sense is constructed inter-subjectively, spreading outwards in a infinite of exchanges and well formed knots. The transference to the Mbwoolu involves an enacted cosmology where the objects and the initiate are covered with a red paste. Devisch notes that the notion of the person in these ceremonies is to be found to be located at the fur level, through a myriad of exchanges. At an early stage in the ritual, the initiates and the Mbwoolu figurines are floated in water, and this is the beginning of a process that continues throughout the ritual, as the initiates skin is turned inside out. In this process, the illness is displaced onto the Mbwoolu, and his insides become a receptacle for the power of the healing ritual. The fig urines become a social skin to be idealised, socialised and protected.The importance of sensory experience in the ritual is also in the moment where the master shaman bites off the head of a chicken and sprays the initiates with its blood. Devisch (ibid 146) also talks about the importance of the fusional absorption in the rhythm and music, then (ibid) the tactile olfactory and auditory contacts envelop, and are finally twine into an increasingly elaborate utterance, by the mirrored gaze. By this Devisch is alluding to the process by which the initiate converts the primary fusional object into phenomena of identification by incorporation. In this process of incorporating the figurine into themselves, all the senses are in use. What is noteworthy and excellent in Devischs work is that while he does occasionally lapse into statements about trance-inducing music, she is clear to emphasise that carnal phenomenon are not part of a means-end relationship to induce the required result, n or are they somehow secondary to the meaning of the ritual. Rather, he emphasises that the sensory experience is in many respects, the ritual that the experience of being covered in red clay and submerged in water and having your skin reversed cannot be scattered from the transference of your illness to the statues. What Mauss (1993, p.2, Chapter I The Exchange of Gifts and the Obligation to Reciprocate) was right to emphasise when he claimed sacrifice was a total social fact was that questions of sacrifice are questions of Being first and foremost. They occupy a place were the social world is made and remade.In Devisch, what is understood to constitute the central aspects of the Yaka healing cult are sensory experience. This is very different to the understanding laid out by Van Gennep and Turner. For while Devisch makes clear that in the Yaka healing cult one is separated from society pending ones reincorporation, he does not allow the socially functional explanation to obscure w hat the ceremony might mean. One can see the conflict if we contrast Turners work to Devischs. For Turner, the performative and sensory aspects of healing function at its normative pole, the pole at which ritual healing is a resolution of social and emotional conflict. The power of dominant symbols, for Turner, derived from their capacity to condense structural or moral norms the eidetic pole and fuse them with physiological and sensory phenomena and processes the oretic pole. In Turner, the oretic pole, where emotional and bodily praxis is centred, is a given. For Devisch, this given in Turners work is a critical problem, for it prevents his understanding that the basis of creativity in ritual (1993, p.37, 1.6 Body and Weave A Semantic-Praxilogical Approach) is to be sought not in liminality but in the body seen as a surface upon which the group and the life-world is inscribed.We have seen in three rituals how Van Genneps classification superficially fits the pattern of behaviour . However, like in the work of Victor Turner, we have seen that Van Gennep cannot explain the detail of rites of passage using his system of classification. In his system, the details of a ceremony become marginal, whereas for the practioners they are central. To explain such details we need to pursue a phenomenologically informed anthropology such as that which Devisch practices. For if a rites of passage is a primarily embodied experience, then the body cannot simply be a receptacle for social value rather, one would argue, it can also be a generative movement, both of meaning and of experienceBibliographyDevisch, R. 1998 Treating the affect by remodelling the body in a Yaka healing cult. In Strathern Lambek, Bodies and Persons. Oxford Oxford University Press. Devisch, R. The Cosmology of Life Transmission. pp.94-115. In, Jackson, M. (ed) 1996 Things as they are New Directions in Phenomenological Anthropology. atomic number 49 Indiana University Press. Devisch, R. 1993 Weaving t he Threads of Life The Khita Gyn-Eco-Logical Healing cult among the Yaka. gelt University of Chicago Press. Jackson, M. 1989 Paths Towards a Clearing. Indiana Indiana University Press. Jackson, M. (ed) 1996 Things as they are New Directions in Phenomenological Anthropology. Indiana Indiana University Press. Kuper, A. 1988. The Invention of primitive society transformations of an illusion. London Routledge Kapferer, B. 1997 The Feast of the Sorcerer Practices of Consciousness and Power Chicago University of Chicago Press. Levi-Strauss, C. 1965. Structural Anthropology 1. London Penguin. Malikki, L. 1995 Purity and Exile Violence, memory and National Cosmology among Hutu Refugees in Tanzania. London University College Press. Mauss, M. 1993 The Gift The Form and Reason for exchange in Archaic Societies. London Routledge. Merleau-Ponty, M. 1962 Phenomenology of perception. London Routledge Reed-Dahany, D. 1996 Champagne and Chocolate Taste and Inversion in a French wedding ritual. Ame rican Anthropologist. Vol. 98, No. 4, pp. 750-761. Ricoeur, P. 1979 Interpretation Theory Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning. Texas Christian University Press. Turner, V.W. 1995 The Ritual Process Structure and anti-structure. London Aldine. Turner, V.W. 1986. The drums of affliction. Oxford Clarendon Press. Van Gennep, A. 1909 The Rites of Passage. London Routledge. Wittgenstein, L. 1987 Remarks on Frazers Golden Bough. London Brynmill Press. Zumwalt, R. 1982 Arnold Van Gennep The Hermit of Bourd-la-Reine. American Anthropologist. Vol 84, No 2, pp. 299-313.

Apple vs Microsoft Compare and Comparison

Apple vs Microsoft Comp be and ComparisonCorey RillMicrosoft and Apple are the two biggest companies when it comes to data processor manufacturing and the consumer electronics constancy. The two companies have an vast of similarities and differences. Both Microsoft and Apple launched their corporations within a short period of each other. They are the highest earning rival companies, As well as the best innovators in the commercialise as their harvestings are some of the most widely used worldwide.Apple Incorporated targets its efforts on the manufacture, design, and sale of consumer electronics like mobile ph onenesss, persacoms (personal computers), and televisions, as well as other similar software products. The Microsoft Corporation, on the other hand, is a computer company that deals with the development and manufacture of software products for computers.Apple is most known for its computer design, the Macintosh, and other entertaining gadgets like the Macbook Air, the iPho ne, and the Apple Watch. The items are being improved constantly and are advancing greatly as the years go by. As such, they have been received quite well by consumers.The Microsoft Company is most well known for their OS, or Operating System, Microsoft Windows and the Microsoft office applications, such as Microsoft intelligence service and Powerpoint. In the software market, Apple has produced the iLife creativity and IOS phones. Other inventions from Apples baked goods sale includes the iTunes media browser and the Mac Operating System MacOS X.In terms of production and ingress of new technologies into the market, The Corporate management at Apple seems to have a rather different strategy than that of Microsoft. Microsoft is a company that takes ideas that are already on the market and then dominates it. Apple, on the other hand, enjoys developing new ideas and making them big. Apple identifies newborn technologies and ideas that are not used in a practical way and develops th em to give them the appeal needed to be sold on the mass market and possibly to even satisfy the needs of the greater market. The examples of these are the iPhone (which was the first touchscreen phone), the Apple Watch, the GUI, the Multi-Touch, and iTunes. Microsoft identifies already established technologies and ideas wishing to take part in its success. It does this by using Its power as a massive industry to deal with the competition until it succeeds the market. Examples include Xbox, MSN, Bing, Zune, Windows mobile, and Windows.Apple mostly directs its approach in making new products that will enable it to gain profit regardless of what the product is. Microsoft approaches the product line with the sole purpose of becoming the dominating company in the market no matter the profit it makes. Most companies involved with engineering have followed Microsofts strategy of attempting to dominating the market regardless of the profits it makes. Trying to term it as the best sales str ategy for a future-oriented company. However, apple has been running sturdy with good profits for more than a considerable amount of years, without the focus of dominating or arising any problems.In terms of features made for network use, the companies also have different strategies. Apple does its selling using a minimalist game plan both in design and interfaces. The company narrows the clutter up to a minimum and assumes that the users do not have the time or patience to sift through the internet searching for endless possibilities. The company designs its run to provide for those with less time and more money. Microsoft is designed to give the consumer the most options possible. The corporation assumes the customer will spend hours looking for what they think is the best option. The companys search guide shows the consumer the best way to make a choice. Microsoft does this with its target customers because they are the consumers with more time on their hands and less money to spend. For instance, apple offers one option for buying music their program called iTunes, while Microsoft offers thousands of searches and downloadable contents on the internet. This shows that the two companies marketing strategies for selling products are meant for different customers.ReferencesMicrosoft. Microsoft, n.d. Web. .Apple. Apple Incorporated, n.d. Web.

Effects of Bank Mergers in the UK: Analysis

Effects of Bank Mergers in the UK AnalysisIntroductionThis paper takes a wait at effects of Bank Mergers in the UK. It as well as shows how banks ar affected by spinal fusions and their effects on retail interest rates and customers.It in like manner takes a look at how bank spinal fusions jock bring about improvement which is passed on to the customers. The main aim of the paper is to analyze the effects of Bank Mergers. It overly takes a look at the environmental factors which lead to the mergers taking place.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this paper is to analyze who the beneficiaries of a bank merger atomic number 18 and the cost analysis of the merger. It analyses the costs which ar involved with the merger and its effects on the customer. The paper also deduces whether the retail interest rates atomic number 18 not influenced by the effects of mergers. Furthermore it also looks at how dissimilar banking products mickle be affected by mergers. The objectives of thi s work areTo review the extant conceptual frameworks and models associated with Bank MergersTo light upon how mergers affect the relationship between banks and their customersTo analyse the cost analysis associated with the mergers of BanksTo discover the external factors which lead to mergers taking place between banksLiterature ReviewBank Mergers are usually subjected to anti disputation or antitrust laws if they are found to be limiting the field for competition. The key to a bank merger is that it should bring about benefits to the sector kind of of restricting it. There should be synergy between banks instead of tightening the noose and making it tough for everyone. If there are no savings be passed on to the customers then there is no use of a bank merger. There crap been scenarios where bank mergers were not permitted by the Competition Commission as the customers would not benefit from the merger. (Competition Commission 2001). The regulatory bodies have to ensure that all gains from the merger do not benefit the merged bank but are passed on to the customers. There is a lot of scrutiny when it comes to bank mergers and identifies the relationship between susceptibility and price changes later a merger has taken place. accord to Farrell and Shapiro (1990) prices and retail interest rates discharge fall scarcely if there were lower marginal costs before the merger of the two banks. Mergers are cognize to have failed if they dont bring about any savings or benefit to the customers. Mergers are not beneficial to the customer if the interest rates for customers are higher. The efficiency of merging banks influences the competition in the market. Bank mergers lead to bad conditions for the consumer if the merger does not promise efficiency. If a bank records efficiency gains after a merger then it brings about price improvements. Bank mergers tend to affect certain banking products in different ways.Research SettingThe explore is based upon the UK retail banking market. It examines the bounteous and small banks and takes a deep look at the mergers which took place over the last few years and the mergers which failed to take place. Both building societies and UK retail banks are analyzed as they all offer different retail banking services. The look for nevertheless includes banks that are in the UK retail banking market. The research also takes a look at the mergers which occurred between the small building societies as it is easier to gather data for that. The research has limited adding the mergers between bigger banks.RESEARCH QUESTIONSIn order to appoint sure that the research is conducted properly we have to set a number of key questions so that the research will be able to answer them.To identify how mergers affect the relationship between banks and their customersTo analyse the cost analysis associated with the mergers of BanksTo analyse the external forces which lead to mergers between banksRESEARCH METHODOLOGY This particular assignment follows the tralatitious research methodology which allows the research to be conducted in various layers one after the other. The first one is the philosophy of Positivism where a researcher adopts the view of a scientist who has to evaluate everything in a philosophical manner and understands the evolutionary process of how things are done. The interpretivism philosophy is where things are created due to the interaction between individuals.The research looks at all the issues associated with mergers within the banking retail market. the data is gathered through proper research. There is the need to gather three-figure as well as qualitative data in order to prove the theories and conclusions.RESEARCH APPROACHThe research is conducted by examining all the data in a systematic format. close to of the data is present in documentary format along with education available in various journals and papers. All the data needs to be construe in a proper organ ized manner and needs to be separated in order to get the gist of the research.RESEARCH STRATEGYThis research paper takes an in-depth look at the effect of mergers between banks and how it affects the banking products in the UK. It also examines how it send packing affect the interest rates in the banking sector. The paper also takes a look at the external factors which push the market in favour of mergers. It examines factors such as bear market which leads to share prices falling, dire economic maculation which lead to problems, bad balance sheets which lead to a drain of capital, mergers which take place mainly due to help two troubled banks i.e. Lloyds TSB and Halifax, losses suffered by the investment arm of banks, collapse of big corporations which lead to a domino effect, hedge funds making losses and lastly due to the insurance divisions which do not do well. It also examines how the retail interest rate is affected if a merger does not go well.ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONSIt is essential for me to follow a proper code of conduct before going ahead with my research process. There is a fine line between ethical and unethical research. The discipline gathered will be done with the consent of everyone and no laws shall be broken to obtain the data. I shall ask all the people interviewed to sign firing forms and to give me indemnity from any potential problems. A point to bear in mind is not to intimidate any of the subjects or to harass them in handing over vital information.DATA COLLECTIONThe plan is to contact all of the various building societies and a few of the big banks which merged in the not so recent past. I need to visit them all and collect information on the faces of products they have. It would help to visit someone from the corporate headquarters as retail banks would not have the competent staff which would allow me to gather the information I need. Higher ranked officials at the various banks can only give me information about how their bank products were affected and how mergers in the retail banking sector leads to different interest rates.selective information will be collated through some(prenominal) qualitative and quantitative questionnaires, series of interviews, documentary analysis. I would also need to do a walkthrough with people from the various banks and building societies so that I can get the right idea. The questionnaires will be quite straight forward and will only comprise of a few limited questions which are shut ended. The interview process will not take long and will only be a one on one session which is also close ended. The only problem is to schedule everything within a particular timeline. There are a lot of people to interview and that is one suit why it is crucial for me to limit the time I spend on all my interviews so that I can get everything done really fast. It is also interesting to know that both questionnaires and interviews will generate different answers so special attention will have to be paid to both. Document samples are a must to be collected from the various banks in the area. The data collected will be from both primary and secondary resources.Primary DataI will gather all the primary data by simply gathering all the information via personal visits to the various banks and building societies which have been created as a result of a merger between two banks. It will be useful to find out how the banks were able to change their policies and how the merger affected their interest rates. The cost analysis will also be done after taking a look at the before and after status of the merged entities.Bank personnel will be giving me their valuable time so it would help me save time by only sticking to close ended interviews for the session. This will make it easier for both parties. The banks should hopefully provide me with documents I need to support my work and allow me to create my quantitative data.Secondary dataSecondary data will be gathered with the he lp of external sources. It is essential to check out proper databases which deal with the type of historical data required for my analysis of the retail banking sector. The best idea for me is to base my work conducted by a researcher on the same topic. It also helps to do a bit of reading up on the topic so that I would know what this research entails. It is obvious that I wont be able to get all my data from people so I would need to gather information from journals, databases, white papers, etc. some of the data can be cited from text found in the documents supplied by the banks.DATA ANALYSISThe data needs to be examined one by one so that mistakes are not made. There are plenty of key points which can be examined only by going through it with a fine tooth comb. Data can be analysed in the form of charts, tables etc.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONFinally the research can be summarised as the sort who will allow me to understand why mergers take place between banks and how the retai l banking sector is affected. I will be able to make my conclusions after I have gone(p) over everything at the end of the study.TIME FRAME OF RESEARCHThe research program needs to be conducted within a specific timeline. Due to restriction of time and the amount of legwork to be conducted I need to finish my research within 22 weeks. This gives me plenty of time for discovery and to jot all my information down on paper. If I do not finish my research on time it will delay everything and create various problems.

The Diary Of Anne Frank - Book Essay -- essays research papers

The Diary of Anne Frank is about a girl that unbroken a diarywhile hiding from Nazis in Amsterdam for two years. Thediary ends when the Nazis found her and her family. Herwhole family was killed in exception for her father. Shewas given the journal on her thirteenth birthday. Shesimply summarized her life for two years in this phenomenaljournal. This journal was found after she was killed. The earmark was published in 1947. Twenty-five million copies weresold and it was written in fifty-four languages. Basicallythere have been a lot of reviews on this literary work. Many people have had a great deal of criticism over theDiary of Anne Frank. From great authors to simple students,all have had their own linear perspective and view on thiseverlasting and most memorable accommodate. This truly shows howthe Diary of Anne Frank is one of the most widely read booksin the world. Anne Franks diary was probably the first work thatpeople actually got too see what the Holocaust was allabout. Certainly it must be the best book for the subject. The diary brings together her childhood and then only knownsurviving footage of Anne Frank. This is a great way todescribe a portrait of Annes life, typeface flaws, andeverything else. In order to enjoy this piece of literarywork, you must first learn the importance on Jewish culture. This work is like no opposite of any Holocaust books. This isactually a way to experience the painful experience theJewish people had to endure during this awf...

The Greatest Oil Man Essay -- essays papers

The Greatest Oil Man The majority of people in the creative activity dislike monopolies. People do not like monopolies because they are allocatively inefficient and because they produce less than consumers want. John D. Rockefeller was a good example of a monopoliser from 1880 to 1911. Most people in that time period did not like his company, Standard Oil, and wished for an end to it (micheloud).In 1870, J. D. Rockefeller started the Standard Oil Company. Soon after the take in of this company, Rockefeller began to horizontally desegregate other refineries into his company. This was not enough for Rockefeller. He wanted control over the whole industry so he proceeded to vertically integrate other companies including companies having to do with extraction, transport, retail, marketing, and research. Within a relatively short amount of time, Rockefeller obtained all of the components needed not only for creating the refined oil but for ecstasy it as well. The only things th at were missing from his giant conglomerate of companies from the oil industry were insignificant considering that now Standard Oil was virtually the only buyer (micheloud). In order to keep his monopoly intact he used the railroads to keep updates on all oil shipped through the railroad companies. In order for the railroads to work for him, they had to tump over him detailed reports on all oil shipped though them. Standard Oil also made sure they were keeping these reports correct by placing spies (Michel...